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Tree view

A tree view is a hierarchical structure that provides nested levels of navigation.

Live demo



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      Overview

      A tree view consists of nested heading levels that create a content hierarchy for users and assist with navigating large amounts of information. Following on with the tree analogy, the tree view component has branch nodes that can be expanded or collapsed to reveal or hide child nodes. The tree may also have leaf nodes. Leaf nodes can appear at any level of the tree hierarchy and do not have child nodes.

      Example of tree view with node icons

      When to use

      • Often used for navigating file system structures that are made up of folders and documents.
      • To organize large amounts of information that can nest within multiple levels.

      When not to use

      • To show and hide UI elements or content on a page.
      • When you only need one level of nested information. In this case, use a different component like the accordion or data table for expandable views that go one level deep.
      • As the primary navigation in a product’s UI. Instead, use the UI Shell left panel for product navigation. A combination of the UI shell left panel and the breadcrumb component can support an information architecture several levels deep.

      Formatting

      Anatomy

      The tree view is composed of branch and leaf nodes that are designed to nest and organize large sets of information.

      Anatomy of tree view
      1. Branch node: A node that has one or more child nodes. Can be expanded or collapsed to reveal or hide child nodes.
      2. Leaf node: A node that has no child nodes and can appear at any level of the tree view hierarchy. A leaf node may be referred to as a child node when it is nested underneath a branch node.
      3. Caret icon: An icon to expand or collapse a branch node.
      4. Node icon (optional): An icon to visually represent and support a node label, they can assist the user to scan different content types quickly.

      Sizing

      There are two node sizes: small (default), and extra small. Supporting two different node sizes gives you more flexibility when structuring a tree view. If you have a tree structure with complex nesting levels, use the extra small node size to keep as much information in view as possible. When in doubt of which size to use, use the small node size because it is our default.

      Node sizeHeight (px/rem)Purpose
      Small32 / 2This is the default size and is the most commonly used as it has similar geometries as the UI shell left navigation panel.
      Extra small24 / 1.5Use when space is constricted on the page and/or when you need a more condensed view to show more of the tree view on the screen.
      Size comparison of the two nodes

      Alignment

      Stacking nodes

      Nodes stack directly on top of each other with 0px space between them. Having nodes flush with each other ensures consistent spacing and alignment between each node in the tree view.

      Examples of aligning stacking nodes

      Nesting nodes

      Nested nodes in a tree view rely on vertical type and icon alignment to visually group nodes together. Branch icons and leaf icons sit to the left of type and align vertically.

      Example of aligning nesting nodes

      Content

      Main elements

      You may be able to label your nodes, or the labels may be generated from code. If you have control of your label names, follow these guidelines.

      Branch node label

      Be brief but clear while summarizing what kind of child nodes the branch node contains.

      Leaf node label

      Be brief and descriptive about what information the leaf node contains.

      Overflow content

      If the node label is too long for one line in your tree view, add an ellipsis

      …
      and accompany with a browser-based tooltip to show the full string of text.

      While truncation is not preferred, you can customize the view by positioning the ellipsis at the front-line, mid-line, or end-line of a node label depending on what information is most useful to the user to keep persistent in the tree view.

      Example of overflowing content

      Further guidance

      For further content guidance, see Carbon’s content guidelines.

      Behaviors

      States

      Branch nodes and leaf nodes share the same styles for different states. The only difference between the structure of the two is the addition of a caret icon for expanding or collapsing branch nodes.

      Example of node states

      Selection indicator

      If the branch node of a selected child node is collapsed, the parent node should inherit the selected state so the user does not lose the context of what is selected, even if it is out of view.

      Example of a selected node

      Example of selected child node when the parent is open (left) and when the parent is collapsed (right).

      Interactions

      Focus

      When a single-select tree receives focus:

      • Focus is set on the previously selected node.
      • If none of the nodes were selected before the tree receives focus, focus is set on the first node.

      Expanding and collapsing

      • To expand or collapse a branch node the user can click anywhere within the caret icon bounding box.
      Example showing click target areas for a branch node

      Selecting

      • To select a branch node the user can click anywhere on the node excluding the caret icon bounding box.
      • To select a leaf node the user can click anywhere on the node container.
      Example showing click target areas for selecting a node

      Keyboard controls

      KeyInteraction
      Right arrowWhen focus is on a closed node, opens the node; focus does not move.
      When focus is on an open node, moves focus to the first child node.
      When focus is on a leaf node, does nothing.
      Left arrowWhen focus is on an open node, closes the node.
      When focus is on a child node that is also either a leaf node or a closed node, moves focus to its parent node.
      When focus is on a top level node that is also either a leaf node or a closed node, does nothing.
      Down arrowMoves focus to the next node that is focusable without opening or closing a node.
      Up arrowMoves focus to the previous node that is focusable without opening or closing.
      EnterActivates a node. In single-select trees where selection does not follow focus, the default action is typically to select the focused node.

      Modifiers

      Node icons

      You can add node icons to visually represent and support a written node label. We recommend having consistent icon usage for all branch and leaf nodes. Make sure the icons accurately represent each node that they are related to. Using a folder icon for branch nodes and a document icon for leaf nodes is a commonly recognized pairing of icons used in tree view structures. If individual node data cannot be identified, do not display icons. When in doubt, use nodes without icons.

      Example of tree view with node icons

      Aligning icons

      It is important when adding icons to nodes in a tree view that there is an icon present for every node. Not having an icon for every branch or leaf node can cause alignment inconsistencies and make groupings of nodes harder to visualize.

      Example of node icons used correctly in tree

      Do consistently use icons for each node in a tree view.

      Incorrect example showing only some nodes using icons.

      Do not mix text-only and icon nodes in a tree view.

      Tree view versus accordion

      Use the accordion component when you need to organize lengthy information in sections that only go one level deep. Tree view is best used for nesting categories of information in a hierarchy of multiple levels / in a hierarchical form.

      Tree view versus UI Shell left panel

      Use the UI Shell left panel component for product navigation. A combination of the UI Shell left panel and the breadcrumb component can support an information architecture several levels deep of a product. Tree view is best used for on page navigation instead of being used for architecture of a website or product.

      Tree view versus data table

      Use the data table component for displaying large amounts of detailed information that is easy to scan horizontally in one view. Data table rows can be expanded, but we recommend only expanding a row one level deep. Tree view is used to organize multiple nested levels of information with concise labels that do not need to be organized in a column structure.

      References

      Feedback

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